During October 2025, Sudan witnessed a sharp escalation in conflict, particularly in Darfur (Al-Fashir), White Nile, Gedaref, and Khartoum. Civilians were subjected to grave violations, including extrajudicial killings, arbitrary arrests, enforced disappearances, sexual violence against women and girls, and looting, with hospitals, schools, and vital infrastructure being targeted. The Rapid Support Forces (RSF) used chemical gases in some areas of Darfur, according to statements by the media official for the Governor of the Darfur region, resulting in civilians suffering from convulsions and vomiting.
Drone attacks resulted in the death and injury of many civilians and the displacement of thousands of residents. Numerous cases of enforced disappearances and arrests were documented, targeting individuals based on their professional affiliations or human rights advocacy, including activists, journalists, teachers, and lawyers, some of whom died due to medical neglect.
The health and humanitarian situation is dire, with the spread of epidemics such as cholera, malaria, and dengue fever, as well as cases of mass poisoning linked to unregulated mining. The besieged city is suffering from shortages of food and medicine, and widespread malnutrition among children and the elderly.